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0.6 series

Version 0.6-13

• Released on CRAN: 9 Jan 2023
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • a new function efa() allows for classic (single-group) explorary factor analysis
  • a new function lavPredictY() allows for the prediction of ‘y’ values based on ‘x’ values (see ?lavPredictY for a reference)
  • a new function lavTest() allows to extract (or compute) one or several test statistics based on an already fitted object
  • new test statistics: browne.residual.adf and browne.residual.nt
  • summary() and fitMeasures() gain an fm.args= argument, allowing to set options (e.g., rmsea.ci.level) related to fit measures
  • lavTestLRT() will now provide the RMSEA based on the difference test
  • robust CFI and RMSEA are now computed for more settings: when (all) data is categorical/ordered, when data is continuous but the estimator is MLMV, and when missing = “ml” (based on work done by Victoria Savalei and colleagues)
  • new global option scaled.test= determines which test statistic will be scaled (if multiple test statistics have been requested)
  • new option gamma.unbiased: if set TRUE, an unbiased version of the so-called Gamma matrix will be used, instead of the regular (biased) version. See this paper
  • iseed now works correctly in bootstrapLavaan() and related functions thanks to a patch provided by Shu Fai Cheung
  • bootstrapLavaan() now always returns all bootstrap runs (not just the converged ones); it also warns about non-admissible solutions
  • when bounds = “standard” or “wide”, bounds are now also computed for covariances per default
  • the output of lavInspect() for “gamma”, “wls.v”, “wls.obs” and “wls.est” now includes labels
  • the sam() function gains alpha.correction= argument to allow for small sample corrections
• Important bug fix:
  • in all lavaan versions < 0.6-13, there was on error in the computation of scaled (difference) test statistics if 1) a mean and variance adjusted test was used (i.e., test = “scaled.shifted”, or test = “mean.var.adjusted”), 2) multiple groups were involved, and 3) equality constraints (across groups) were involved. A typical setting are measurement invariance tests when data is categorical. In those settings, the resulting test statistic was slightly off (typically <5%). Many thanks to Steffen Gronneberg, Njal Foldnes and Jonas Moss for reporting this.
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • (just released)

Version 0.6-12

• Released on CRAN: 4 July 2022
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • twolevel SEM now also supports conditional.x = TRUE
  • out <- summary(fit) is now completely silent (i.e., nothing is printed); out contains a list with ingredients (github issue 193)
  • parameterEstimates() gains boot.ci.type = “bca” (for the single-group setting only, for now)
  • syntax: allow for partial specifications of thresholds (github issue 215)
  • lavaanify() gains a nthresholds= argument (see github issue 214)
  • when bootstrapping is used, a warning is printed informing the user how many solutions were not admissible (see github issue 235)
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • standardizedSolution() did not work if representation = “RAM”
  • iseed did not work properly in bootstrapLavaan() and other bootstrap routines
  • the sam() function did not work (any longer) with categorical data
  • the scaled (difference) mean-and-variance adjusted test statistic is wrong in the case of multiple groups involving equality constraints

Version 0.6-11

• Released on CRAN: 31 March 2022
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • this is (again) only a maintenance release to prepare for R 4.2
  • new option ceq.simple; when set to TRUE, a more compact representation is used in the parameter table if only simple equality constraints are used; the default is FALSE (for now)
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • ridge= option did not work properly
  • df counting bug when nlevels > 1L, ngroups > 1L and fixed.x = TRUE
  • EPC decisions were not based on the absolute value (pull request 231)
  • name clash between ‘cl’ argument and ‘cluster’ argument
  • interaction terms defined by a colon (a:b) were included in lavNames(,”ov.x”) even if either a or b is a dependent variable
  • standardizedSolution() did not work if representation = “RAM”

Version 0.6-10

• Released on CRAN: 25 January 2022
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • this is a maintenance release, with mostly minor changes under the hood (the github issues >214 were not yet addressed in this release)
  • initial support for representation = “RAM”
  • better starting values for regression coefficients, when all variables are observed
  • sam(): an indicator can now also be a predictor in the structural part
  • estimator DLS: allow for non-positive Gamma, and allow sample.cov.rescale to be set by the user
  • new rotation criteria: bi-quartimin and bi-geomin
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • if all data is missing for a pair of variables, the degrees of freedom should be adapted

Version 0.6-9

• Released on CRAN: 27 June 2021
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • the sam() function is now public
  • initial support for multilevel + missing = “ml”; only for estimator = “ML” (not “MLR”)
  • if missing = “two-stage”, h1.information is now always set to “unstructured”
  • group.w.free = TRUE now also works for DWLS/WLS/WLSMV estimators
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • multilevel+missing=”ml” did not work if there was only 1 variabele on the within level
  • see github issues >214

Version 0.6-8

• Released on CRAN: 10 March 2021
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • new estimator = “DLS” for distributionally-weighted least squares (see Du, H., & Bentler, P.M. (in press). Distributionally-weighted least squares in structural equation modeling. Psychological Methods.)
  • new optimizer: optim = “GN” provides Gauss-Newton optimization
  • group.w.free = TRUE now also works in the categorical case
  • the information=, observed.information= and h1.information= arguments now accept a vector of two elements, eg information = c(“observed”, “expected”); the first entry is used for the standard errors, while the second entry is used for the test statistic
  • new arguments omega.information=, omega.h1.information=, omega.information.mean=, and omega.h1.information.meat= allow for even more variants of various robust test statistics
  • test = “yuan.bentler” now always uses observed.information = “h1” (if information is observed) and omega.h1.information = “unstructured”
  • lavResiduals() has a new output = “table” argument
  • rotations.se = “bordered” per default (only used when rotation is used)
  • in a multiple group analysis, a single modifier is always recycled accross; this is now also true for labels (with a warning, unless group.equal= is used)
• Known issues:
  • same as 0.6-1
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • standardizedSolution() did not show labels (if any)
  • lavResiduals() gave wrong results when the solution was rotated
  • lav_mvnorm_missing_h1.R sometimes failed to produce starting values (and stopped with an error)
  • a check to force the (co)variance matrix of standardized parameters to be positive definite was too strict (and is now omitted)
  • lavTestLRT + satorra2002 + A.method = “exact” did not work when equality constraints were involved (github issue 211)

Version 0.6-7

• Released on CRAN: 31 July 2020
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • latent ~~ observed formulas are now supported; the observed variables are automatically upgraded to (single-indicator) latent variables
  • new option check.lv.names: when set to FALSE, lavaan proceeds even if it detects that some latent variable names occur in the dataset
  • optimization is made somewhat more robust: if a first attempt fails (no convergence) three additional attempts are made (with optim.parscale= “standardize”, with start = “simple”, and with the combination optim.parscale = “standardized” and start = “simple”)
  • the second argument of lavPredict() is now newdata (instead of type), to be consistend with predict()
• Known issues:
  • same as 0.6-1
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • fitMeasures() did not longer work for estimator = “PML”
  • lavPredict + newdata + categorical did not work
  • lavCor() did not listen to the missing = “fiml” argument
  • lavPredict + Bartlett + missing: if all indicators of a factor are missing, the factor score was 0 (should be NA)
  • block syntax for groups was no longer working

Version 0.6-6

• Released on CRAN: 13 May 2020
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • lavPredict() + se = TRUE now works correctly in the presence of missing data and missing = “fiml”
  • lavResiduals() + summary = TRUE now provides confidence intervals and better labelling
  • lavResiduals() + summary = TRUE now works for categorical data, but only in models without exogenous covariates (for now)
  • lavCor() gains cor.smooth= argument to force the correlation matrix to be positive definite
  • sum(sampling.weights) no longer needs to equal the total sample size
  • sampling.weights can now be used in combination with categorical data and estimator WLSMV and friends
  • information/h1.information/observed.information arguments now accept a vector of two elements: the first one is for the standard errors, the second for the test statistic
  • the data (provided by the data= argument) is now always converted to a data.frame (in case it is a tibble, or another class that inherits from data.frame)
  • experimental feature: when the sample size is (very) small, adding the argument bounds = TRUE may stabilize estimation, by automatically choosing upper and lower bounds for several sets of model parameters
• Known issues:
  • same as 0.6-1
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • lavPredict + method=”Bartlett” + fsm=TRUE failed
  • lavPredict + newdata failed if newdata contained a single observation
  • parallel= option did not work in boostrapLavaan()
  • standardizedSolution + type = “std.lv” failed
  • missing = “ml” (or “fiml”) + sampling.weights failed
  • lavaan:::fsr() failed, unless missing = “listwise” was given explicitly

Version 0.6-5

• Released on CRAN: 28 Aug 2019
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • a new option `effect.coding’ can be used to scale the latent variables; a typical use is effect.coding = “loadings”, or effect.coding = c(“loadings”, “intercepts”); if “loadings” is included, equality constraints are used so that the average of the factor loadings (per latent variable) equals 1; if “intercepts” is included, equality constraints are used so that the sum of the intercepts (belonging to the indicators of a single latent variable) equals zero; as a shortcut, you can also set effect.coding = TRUE, which implies effect.coding = c(“loadings”, “intercepts”); note that his may not work well with bifactor models, or any other type of model where items depend on multiple factors
  • summary(fit, nd = 4) now shows 4 digits (after the decimal point) for all (non-integer) numbers, including the header; the header has been re-arranged slightly: the estimator is now shown on the top; the test statistic(s) are now in a section ‘Model Test User Model:’
  • the test= argument now accepts a vector of multiple test statistics, for example test = c(“satorra.bentler”, “mean.var.adjusted”)
  • parameterEstimates(), standardizedSolution() and fitMeasures() have a new output= argument which can be set to “text” for pretty printing
• Known issues:
  • same as 0.6-1
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • in the categorical setting (estimator U/WLSMV) + missing = “pairwise” + the number of thresholds is larger than one: some entries in the weight matrix are not correct, resulting in (small) bias for some parameters
  • optim.method=”none” is ignored in nlminb.constr() settings; as a side-effect, this produces wrong results in lavTestLRT() if method=”satorra.bentler.2010”, and explicit inequality constraints are used in the model
  • wrong labels for lavInspect(,”lv.mean”) and lavInspect(,”cov.all”) if both formative and reflexive latent variables are used
  • the “<~” operator did not work well in the categorical setting in combination with conditional.x = TRUE
  • parameterEstimates + fmi = TRUE often gives crazy results
  • lavTestLRT + MLR + df=0 for one of the models results in an error
  • estimator = “WLS” + continuous data + missing = “pairwise” does not work
  • loglikelood value if fixed.x = TRUE and only sample statistics are provided is still reflecting the joint loglikelihood

Version 0.6-4

• Released on CRAN: 3 July 2019
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • this release includes mostly changes under the hood
  • an extra check is done for convergence (even if the optimizer claims convergence): we check if all the elements of the (unscaled) gradient are smaller than 0.0001 (in absolute value). If not, we set converged = FALSE. The tolerance value 0.0001 can be changed by the option optim.dx.tol. To switch off this check, use optim.dx.tol = +Inf
  • lavInspect() gains new options: “vcov.def.joint” (and standardized variants) to give the (joint) variance-covariance matrix of both the free and `defined’ (using the := operator) variables; “loglik.casewise” to extract casewise (log)likelihood values (only if ML has been used); “h1.information” to extract the information matrix of the unrestricted h1 model
  • lavTestScore() + uni table and modindices() output (in particular epc and epv values) are now more alike
  • lavPredict() + Bartlett now uses FIML to compute factor scores (in the presence of missing data); new append.data= argument cbinds factor scores and raw data; if assemble = TRUE, factor scores of multiple groups will be joined in a single data.frame (with a group column); accept newdata= argument, even if sample statistics were used when fitting the original model
  • using ordered = TRUE implies all variables should be treated as ordinal
  • new logical arguments orthogonal.y and orthogonal.x can be used to specify zero covariances between endogenous and exogenous latent variables (only) respectively
  • new option sampling.weights.normalization (set to “total” by default)
  • group.equal now also accepts “composite.loadings” when the “<~” operator is used
  • parameterEstimates() gains a remove.nonfree= argument
  • initial (but still experimental and undocumented) support for rotation, EFA, and ESEM (contact me if you wish to test this)
  • initial (but still experimental and undocumented) support for the `Structural After Measurement’ (SAM) approach (see the new lavaan:::sam() function; contact me if you wish to test this)
• Known issues:
  • same as 0.6-1 (although many long standing github issues have been resolved)
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • twolevel models: standard errors are off for fixed effects (only) if the model contains a regression of the form y ~ x, both variables are observed, and x is not centered
  • twolevel models: the chi-square test statistic for the baseline model is wrong (too low): the chi-square test statistic for the full model was substracted; therefore, if the user model fitted really bad, the baseline test statistic was too low; if the user model fitted reasonably well, there was (almost) no impact on the CFI/TLI fit measures
  • lavPredict(): labels were wrong in the multigroup twolevel case

Version 0.6-3

• Released on CRAN: 22 September 2018
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • new function lavResiduals() provides raw and standardized residuals in addition to summary statistics (rmr, srmr and crmr, including their standard error, a test for exact fit, and an unbiased version); for continuous data only (single-level, conditional.x = FALSE)
  • new option missing = “ml.x” or missing = “fiml.x” will not delete cases with missing values on exogenous covariates, even if fixed.x = TRUE (this restores the behavior of < 0.6); this can be useful for models with a large number of exogenous covariates, which you can treat as stochastic, but where fixed.x = TRUE is just more convenient
  • lavInspect/lavTech + “sampstat” now always returns the data summaries from the h1 slot; this implies that if data is missing, and missing = “(fi)ml)”, you get the ‘EM’ estimated covariance matrix and mean vector (instead of the pairwise deleted covariance matrix from the samplestats slot)
  • lavInspect/lavTech + “sampstat” and “implied” no longer return the mean vector if meanstructure = FALSE
  • srmr_bollen is renamed crmr in the output of fitMeasures(), and does no longer count the (zero) diagonal elements when taking the average
  • if conditional.x = TRUE, the baseline model will now set the slopes free (instead of fixing them to zero); this will usually result in a much better fit for the baseline model, and a less optimistic value for CFI/TLI and friends; to get back the old behaviour, set the option ‘baseline.conditional.x.free.slopes’ to FALSE
• Known issues:
  • same as 0.6-1
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • mimic = “Mplus” was no longer setting meanstructure = TRUE
  • if a partable was provided as input (instead of model syntax), the `y’ variables were identified by using lavNames(fit, “ov.y”) instead of lavNames(fit, “ov.nox”); therefore, we ‘missed’ some variables in lav_dataframe_check_ordered(), not (automatically) treating them as ordered
  • mimic = “EQS” was not setting all the correct settings any longer
  • lavPredict() + Bartlett + missing data did not produce ‘true’ FIML factor scores (although they were very close)
  • lav_partable_merge() did not set the group/level column right, affecting lavTestLRT() when method = “SatorraBentler2010” (producing a warning that the optimizer could not find a solution, and no test statistic)
  • when a second-order factor was included in the model, the summary output did not print a dot (‘.’, to indicate endogenous) in front of the (residual) variances of the first-order latent variables
  • lavTestLRT() + Satorra2000 with two models having the same df resulted in a strange error
  • lavTestScore() + uni resulted in epc values with the wrong sign; as a result, the epv values were in the wrong direction
  • lavaanList() produced “nlev too low for some vars” error, when ordered variables were involved that included missing values (NA) (the NA was counted as an additional category)

Version 0.6-2

• Released on CRAN: 16 July 2018
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • cluster-robust standard errors are reported when the cluster= argument is used in combination with a standard single-level syntax (without the “level:” keywords); this can be used in combination with missing = “fiml” (to handle missing values) and sampling weights
  • added lower() and upper() modifiers in the model syntax; it works in a similar way as the start() modifier to provide starting values; for example, to force a variance (say, y1 ~~ y1) to be larger than 0.001, you can now write y ~~ lower(0.001)*y1
  • even if the optimizer claims to have found a solution, we check if the gradient is (almost) zero, and warn if not; this check can be turned on/off by the option check.gradient = TRUE/FALSE
  • more effort is done to check if the model is identified in the presence of equality constraints; a warning is given if vcov is (nearly) singular; this check can be turned on/off by the option check.vcov = TRUE/FALSE
  • header of the summary() function now shows the optimizer, the number of free parameters, and the number of constraints (if any)
  • fabin3 starting values for factor loadings are now also computed if std.lv = TRUE
• Known issues:
  • same as 0.6-1
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • ifi.scaled fit measure was not scaled
  • lavTables() did not work if the first argument was a data.frame
  • two-level + optim.method = “em” resulted in an error (about the check argument)
  • modindices() did not work if conditional.x = TRUE
  • lavInspect(, “data”) did not return covariates if conditional.x = TRUE

Version 0.6-1

• Released on CRAN: 22 May 2018
• New features and user-visible changes:
  • initial support for two-level SEM with random intercepts; see example(Demo.twolevel)
  • initial support for sampling weights (for non-clustered data only for now)
  • the code to compute (robust) standard errors and (robust) test statistics has been rewritten; the code is now much more consistent, but this may result in small changes in the values of some robust test statistics as printed in the output of summary(); a meanstructure is no longer added automatically when switching to a robust estimator
  • conditional.x = FALSE now works in the categorical case (both with estimators DWLS and PML)
  • if fixed.x = TRUE, we compute the loglikelihood without the exogenous covariates, and we do not allow for missing values in the exogenous covariates when missing = “ml” (and fixed.x = TRUE)
  • estimator = “PML” now works for continuous-only data, or mixed continuous/ordinal data
  • lavTestLRT(, method = “satorra2000”) which is the default when comparing models that were fitted with estimator MLMV or WLSMV now uses the so-called ‘delta’ method by default; this allows for comparing models that are nested in the covariance sense (and not just in the parameter sense); in addition, a scaled.shifted test statistic will be used by default
  • the warning about empty cells in bivariate cells (when categorical data is used) is no longer shown
  • many, many small changes under the hood
• Known issues:
  • two-level SEM: no random slopes, no missing data, no categorical data
  • the marginal ML infrastructure (estimator = “MML”) has not been updated yet
  • several github issues have not been resolved yet
• Bugs/glitches discovered after the release:
  • robust CFI/TLI and robust RMSEA values are printed as NA when estimator = “MLR”
  • lavPredict(, level = 2) does not handle phantom latent variables properly

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